References
Arbuckle, B.E. (1971) Scoliosis capitis. JAOA 70:559-564. Cranial obliquity (plagiocephaly) is characterized by a flatness of one side of the back of the cranium and of the opposite side of the face. This may be due to fetal position during the last trimester of pregnancy. There are a number of anatomical deviations as related to this condition. Even thought there few symptoms in the infant, resulting later problems can be severe. Cases of this type are presented and a technique for treatment is described.
Arbuckle, B.E. (1977) The selected writing of Beryl E. Arbuckle, DO, FACOP. National Osteopathic Institute and Cerebral Palsy Foundation. Available though the American Academy of Osteopathy, Newark OH. The published and unpublished papers of Dr. Arbuckle contain a wealth of important scientific and clinical information about treatable conditions of head-injured children.
Blood, S.D. (1986) The craniosacral mechanism and the temporomandibular joint. JAOA 86:512:519. This paper provides information needed for the successful treatment of patients suffering from TMJ syndrome. Emphasis is placed on the structural relationships of the areas involved. The author notes that the TMJ syndrome may be due to pathophysiological and/or psychophysiological conditions. Frequently, the onset of the condition is due to trauma. The paper should be of value to dentists and physicians who utilize craniosacral manipulative treatment methods.
Britt, R. H, Rossi G. T. (1982). Quantitative Analysis of Methods for Educing Physiological Brain Pulsations. J. of Neuroscience Methods 6: 219-229.
Cope, M. K. and Dunlap S. H. (1983). Calibration of a Device for the Measurement of the CRI. JAOA 83(Sept.): 69-RES.
Frymann, V. M. (1971). A study of the rhythmic motions of the living cranium. J. Am Osteo Assoc 70(9): 928-45.
Frymann, V. M. (1976). The trauma of birth. Osteopathic Ann 4:22-31. This report is concerned with head injury which may occur during birth. It is suggested that the cranium of the infant be examined during the first few days post partum. A detailed examination technique is presented
Frymann, V. M. (1976). Learning difficulties of children viewed in light of the osteopathic concept. JAOA 76:46-61. This paper places emphasis on the need for early diagnosis and treatment of damage to the cranial-vertebral-sacral system resulting from birth injury or during the first 2 years of life. It is proposed that learning difficulties may have their origin at this early time in the life of the infant. Treatment by osteopathic manipulative therapy older ages will also prove to be helpful.
Gelb, H.L. (1977) Effective management of craniomandibular syndrome. Ch.11, pp 288-369 Clinical management of head, neck, and TMJ pain and dysfunction. Saunders, PA. This lengthy report provides an excellent review of diagnosis and treatment of TMJ syndrome, TMJ arthrosis, or dysfunctional TMJ arthritis. It is of particular significance that there are numerous modes of treatment described including appropriate manipulative therapy.
Heisey, S.A.T. (1993) Roles of cranial bone mobility in cranial compliance. Neurosurgery 33: 869-76
Hussar, C.J., Retzlaff, E.W., Mitchell, F.L. Jr, Kalbfell, J.J., Briner, B.J. (1985) Combined osteopathic and dental treatment of cephalgia. JAOA 85:605-606 This report describes how treat cephalgia by means of correction of dental malocclusion by the use of orthopedic appliances or by conventional bite splints. Osteopathic manipulative therapy applied to the cranium, cervical, and thoracic musculature is used as an adjunct treatment.
Lay, E.M. (1975) The osteopathic management of trigeminal neuralgia JAOA 74:55-71. This paper deals with the diagnosis and osteopathic treatment of the named condition. Case histories presented are most useful in understanding the condition.
Lay EM (1977) The osteopathic management of temporomandibular joint dysfunction. In: Harold Gelb (ed) Clinical management of head, neck, and TMJ pain and dysfunction. Saunders, Philadelphia This paper presents an analysis of physical factors involved in TMJ syndrome. Emphasis is placed on the osteopathic cranial treatment of this condition
Lay, E. M., Cicora, R. A., et al. (1978). Recording of the Cranial Rhythmic Impulse. JAOA 78:149.
Libin, B.M. (1987) The cranial mechanism: its relationship to cranial-mandibular function. J Prosthet Dent Nov 58(5): 632-638. This review and discussion has raised many points relating the importance of the cranial mechanism to cranial-mandibular function. The increase of concern from one joint (the TMJ) to 106 joints (the complete cranio-mandibular mechanism) brings the cranial mechanism into the forefront of dental theory and practice. Every phase of dentistry is affected by mandibular position, and the cranial mechanism offers the dentist an added dimension for solving and avoiding clinical problems. Techniques for correction and evaluation of the cranial mechanism require a thorough knowledge of head and neck anatomy, but its application can be easily fit into the daily routines of clinical dentistry. Great satisfaction can be derived from being able to relax a lateral pterygoid muscle by diagnosing and correcting a frontal bone lesion, often within a few minutes. The importance of relaxing the musculatur e before final occlusal equilibration is even greater. As more research is devoted to the cranial mechanism, the findings will continue to supply answers to the unmanageable problems that confront dentists.
Magoun, H.I. (1961) Osteopathic approach to dental enigmas. JAOA 62:110-118. This paper is concerned with the need for cooperative effort by the dentist and cranial osteopath in the treatment of various types of problems involving the head and more specifically the teeth.
Magoun, H.I. (1968) Entrapment neuropathy of the cranium. JAOA 67:779-787. This paper present a detailed discussion of injury of mechanical irritation which results in malfunctioning of the cranial contents. It is emphasized that not only may the brain be injured, but the vascular supply ( venous and arterial) may be restricted. The discussion of the anatomy of the cranial contents and their physiological function are presented.
Magoun, H.I. (1968) Entrapment neuropathy of the central nervous system, Part II Cranial nerves I-IV, VI-VIII, XII. JAOA 67:779-787. This report considers the entrapment neuropathy of the named cranial nerves and the effect of this pathological state on specific physiological functions, such as those in the sense of smell, visual disturbances, facial paralysis, vertigo, and others.
Magoun, H.I. (1968) Entrapment neuropathy of the central nervous system, Part III Cranial nerves V, IX, X, XI \par JAOA 67:889-899. This paper is a continuation of the authors studies on the role of entrapment neuropathies of the cranial nerves. This is a detailed description of various cranial bone lesions that effect more that one cranial nerve. Emphasis is places upon the role of the dura, venous drainage, arterial blood supply, and lymphatic edema.
McAdoo, J., MS3, Kuchera, Michael (1995) Reliability of Cranial Rhythmic Impulse Palpation. JAOA 95(8): 491.
Michael, D. K. and Retzlaff E. W. (1975) A preliminary study of cranial bone movement in the squirrel monkey. J Am Osteopath Assoc 74(9): 866-9
Miller, H.C. (1972) Head pain. JAOA 72:135-143. This paper presents the neuroanatomy and physiological mechanisms involved in head pain. It is notable that there is an adequate description of several osteopathic manipulative approaches to treatment of head pain. Case histories are presented.
Mitchell, F.L., Brooks H.D., Bunnell W.B. (1981) You can help children with scoliosis. Patient Care, April 30, Mentions the influence of the craniosacral mechanism on the development of scoliosis. General clinical considerations of scoliosis are addressed.
Norton, J. M. (1991) A tissue pressure model for palpatory perception of the cranial rhythmic impulse Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 91(10): 975-7
Norton, James M. (1992) Characterization of the Cranial Rhythmic Impulse in Healthy Human Adults, Departments of Physiology and Osteopathic Principles and practice University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine (Vol 2, No 3, Fall 1992)
Pick, M. (1994). A preliminary single case magnetic resonance imaging investigation into maxillary frontal-parietal manipulation and its short-term effect upon the intercranial structures of an adult human brain. J of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 17(3):168-73.
Retzlaff E, Mitchell EF Jr, Upledger J, Biggert T (1978) Nerve fibers and endings in cranial sutures. \par JAOA 77:100-101. This report presents and excellent brief description of the cranial suture structure. In addition, the nerve fibers which sense pressure changes are describes from the histological view-point.
Retzlaff E., Mitchell, E.F. Jr, Upledger, J., Biggert, T., Vredevoogt, J. (1978) Temporalis muscle action in parietotemporal suture compression. Am Osteopath Assoc Res Conf. The compression of the parietotemporal suture may result in pain both localized to the immediate area or at more distant points. This pain sensation may be due to the compression of the autonomic perivascular plexus.
Retzlaff, E., Mitchell, F.L. Jr, Upledger, J.E., Vredevoogd, J., Walsh, J. (1980) Neurovascular mechanisms in cranial sutures. J Am Osteopath Assoc 80: 218-219. The cranial sutures provide the fibrous connective tissue interconnection between the bones that form the cranium. It should be noted that histological studies of 21 human autopsy specimens, age 7 to 78 years, show no evidence of sutural fusion due to ossification. This suggests that cranial membrane component structures are capable of responding to external stimulation during the entire life span of the human. The arterioles of the dura and the cranial sutures are innervated by non-myelinated autonomic nerve fibers which may be neurosecretory in function and effect vascular function. Free sensory nerve endings are found in relation to the venous vessels as well as in the walls of the venous sinuses. These receptors are important in sensing changes in both blood volume and pressure.
Retzlaff, E., Upledger, J., Mitchell, F.L. Jr, Walsh, J., (1979) Aging of cranial sutures in humans. Anat Rec 193:663 Parietoparietal and temporoparietal cranial sutures obtained at autopsy from 17 human cadavers, ranging in age from 17 to 78 years, were subjected to gross and microscopic examination. In all of the specimens studied there was no evidence of sutural obliteration due to ossification.
Retzlaff, E.W., Mitchell, F.L., Upledger, J., Walsh, J. (1982-83) Efficacy of cranial sacral manipulation: the physiological mechanism of the cranial sutures. J Soc Osteopath 12: 8-12. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the craniosacral mechanisms involv ed in the treatment of patients who are treated by appropriate manipulative therapy. Emphasis is placed on the basic science areas, anatomy and physiology, which have provided for a better understanding of how this mode of treatment is effective.
Retzlaff, E., Jones, L., Mitchell, F., Upledger, J., Walsh, J. (1982) Possible autonomic innervation of cranial sutures of primates and other mammals. Anat Rec 202: 156A. This paper deals with the possible autonomic innervation of primate cranial sutures. Special attention is given the free nerve endings which terminate in relation to the venous vasculature.
Retzlaff, E.W., Mitchell, F.L. Jr, Hussar, C., Walsh, J. (1983) The role of the proprioceptive component of the Vth cranial nerve in temporomandibular joint syndrome. J Am Osteopath Assoc 83:74. This report provides a suggested mechanism for the etiology of temporomandibular joint syndrome. The role of the proprioceptive component of the Vth cranial nerve in TMJ syndrome is discussed.
Retzlaff, E., Mitchell, F., Hussar, C., Walsh, J. (1983) The role of the Vth nerve in TMJ syndrome Anat Rec 205:161. It is suggested that compression of the temporoparietal suture may be involved in TMJ syndrome. The pain sensation that originated in the cranial suture may be referred to the muscles, tendons, and joints of the head and neck. The mechanism involving thee proprioceptive component of the Vth nerve is discussed.
Roppel, R. M., N. St. Pierre, et al. (1978). Measurement of Accuracy in Bimanual Perception of Motion. \par JAOA 77(Feb.): 475. This report deals with an attempt to measure the ability of the cranial therapist to detect cranial dimensional changes. The method is described.
Spiering N (1980) Manipulative procedures utilized during obstetrical delivery JAOA 80:219. This paper is a review of the findings of the author in the use of osteopathic manipulation in obstetric patients . The technique employed consists of lumbosacral activity in response to craniosacral motion. The clinical results were a shortening of labor time. The patients remained calm during delivery and made no complaints of discomfort or pain. The need for analg esia was eliminated in most cases.
St. Pierre, N., R. M. Roppel, (1976). Detection of Relative Movements of Cranial Bones. JAOA 76(Dec.): 289. This paper describes the movement as detected by means of capacitance changes between two metal plates attached to either side of the cranial suture. Movements as small as one micron were detected.
Upledger, J. E. (1977). Reproducibility of Craniosacral Examination Findings: A Statistical Analysis. \par JAOA 76(Aug.): 67-76 This paper presents a comprehensive review of the findings of craniosacral examination of children. It was concluded that the examination method was reliable and reproducible.
Upledger, J.E. (1978) The relationship between craniosacral examination findings and the problems of special education students. Am Osteopath Assoc Res Conf. This paper describes an attempt to correlate the relationship of exceptional students and craniosacral dysfunction.
Upledger, J.E. (1978) The relationship of craniosacral examination findings in grade school children with developmental problems. JAOA 77: 760-776. This report deals with the results of craniosacral examination of over 200 grade school children to determine the cranial motion in children displaying abnormal behavioral problems. In addition, there was a positive correl ation between cranial motion restriction in children displaying multiple problems.
Upledger, J.E., Vredevoogd, J.D. (1983) Management of autogenic headache Osteopath Ann 7:21-30. This report deals with several types of headache which may be treated by osteopathic manipulative therapy. Description of treatment and illustrations are excellent.
Upledger, J.E., Vredevoogd, J.D., Retzlaff, E., Raynesford, A.K., Howard, T.F. (1979) Autistic children: preliminary physiological, structural, and craniosacral evaluations. 23 Ann Am Osteopath Assoc Res Conv, p34. This report deals with a report of evaluation of children considered to suffer from autism. It is suggested that the structural involvement of the craniosacral mechanism was present.
White, W.K., White, J.E., Bladt, G. (1985) The relation of the craniofacial bones to specific somatic dysfunctions: a clinical study of the effects of manipulation. JAOA 85:603. This report deals with somatic dysfunctions and their relief for prolonged periods of time. It was found that repositioning the zygomae and maxillae is essential. A description of the method is presented.
Woods, J.M., Woods, R.H. (1961) A physical finding related to psychiatric disorders. JAOA60:988-993. Observations of alterations in the craniosacral mechanism and the cranial rhythmic im pulse (CRI) were made (kinesthetically) on institutionalized psychiatric patients. The researchers spent 6 months studying the in-patients at the mental hospital in Macon, MO. A very slow CRI was observed in diagnosed schizophrenics especially in the more severely impaired.
Woods, R.H. (1973) Structural normalization in infants and children with particular reference to disturbances of the central nervous system. JAOA 72:81-86. This report describes the use of cranial manipulation in the treatment of young patients who suffered head injury either at birth or at a later time. Illustrations are provided to describe the treatment process.
Zanakis, M. F., R.M. Cebelenski, et al. (1995) Departments of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Physiology, and Neuroscience, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine. JAOAVol. 94, No. 9, September 1994. The goal of this study was to objectively measure and evaluate human cranial mobility using a kinematic ("Macreflex", Qualisys Corp.) motion analysis system. An IR camera is aligned to the long body axis of the supine subject. Acupuncture needles with attached IR reflectors are anchored into the parietal and frontal bones, as well as bregma, allowing detection of cranial bone motion only. Other reflectors are placed on the torso. This configuration allows movement resolution of 10µ between reflectors. One table, three skulls and two chest reflectors (for quantification of heart and respiratory movements) are placed around the subject. Skull motion is then isolated by computer and p resented in an "X" and "Y" matrix of position v. time, ensuring isolated cranial motion; the CKG. Normal healthy subjects had two tests performed, each for 30 seconds. In some trials, a DO subjectively determined changes in cranial movement during kinemat ic acquisition. His analysis of flexion and extension was acquired separately, allowing direct correlation of objective and subjective evaluations. CKG frequency results were consistent within each subject, while inter-subject frequencies were different. Rhythmic frequencies ranged from 7-12 cycles per minute . Flexions and extensions were also rhythmic and 180 degrees out of phase. When the DO subjectively determined frequency, only total excursion changed. Total excursion (maximum - minimum reflector dist ances during one flexion/extension cycle) varied between subjects, while total excursions ranged from 20-800µ. D.O. involvement in one subject caused total excursion and absolute skull diameter to change markedly. Subjective DO evaluation correlated with and consistently preceded movement obtained objectively and flexion was reduced from 800µ to 600µ with DO involvement. Distances between reflectors decreased, recovered and then increased, illustrating that the absolute diameter of the skull changed by 2.2 mm over a 10-second period. In conclusion, objective verification and quantification of cranial ability has been achieved for the first time in man, supporting the practice of craniosacral therapy. This lays the foundation for exploring the physiological significance of cranial mobility. Future directions are aimed at further quantification and correlation of multi-reflector CKG's with the EKG and EMG in normal subjects to understanding the underlying physiology.
Zanakis, M. (1995) Subjective and objective evaluations of the cranial rhythmic impulse in man. \par JAOA 95(8): 497.
Zanakis, M. (1995). Cranial mobility in man: objective measurements in normal subjects. JAOA 95(8): 497.
Zanakis, M. F., K. T. Kircher, et al. (1995) Accuracy of acupuncture needle markers and surface markers for obtaining the 'cranial kinetogram' in humans. JAOA 95:9(September): 547.
Zanakis, M. F., M. A. Lewandoski, et al. (1995). Cranial mobility in man: objective measurements in normal subjects. JAOA 95:8(August): 497.
Zanakis, M. F., M. Marmoura, et al. (1995). Subjective and objective evaluations of the cranial rhythm impulse in man. JAOA 95:8(August): 497.
Zanakis, M. F., M. Marmoura, et al. (1995). Effect of observer participation on the dynamics of cranial mobility in man. JAOA 95:9(September): 548.
